The Social Of Traumatic Brain Injuries - 1233 Words

Traumatic brain injuries are so prevalent. According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are approximately 1.5 billion people in the U.S who suffer from a traumatic brain injury and each year 85,000 people suffer long-term disabilities. A traumatic brain injury can affect a person’s life in many different ways including disruption physically, cognitively, vocationally, and socially. The most prevalent and persistent of all is social functioning. This paper explores many areas that take part in the social impairments after a traumatic brain injury. More specifically, it discusses the location of damage, behavioral challenges, and social interactions, competencies, and skills that make it difficult to maintain social relationships post injury. Why is maintaining social relationships a challenge after a TBI? Social competence refers to a person’s ability to get along with other people. After an individual has sustained a traumatic brain injury, social competence and social skills are often times impaired causing that individual to have a difficult time maintaining personal and social relationships. Social relationships are essential in living a productive life. Therefore, it is important that we look at the effects of not being able to maintain social relationships on a person’s quality of life. This paper considers the reasons why it is difficult for an individual who has experienced a traumatic brain injury to maintain socialShow MoreRelatedSocial Communication And Rehabilitation Of Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injury1216 Words   |  5 Pages Social Communication and Rehabilitation of Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction Adolescence, the time between puberty and adulthood, is marked by a shift toward greater reliance on the peer group that the family, resulting in a greater need for more complex social communication. It is also the age group which reports the highest incidents of traumatic brain injury (Turkstra, 2004). One could surmise the many reasons for this – increased risk taking or increased participationRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) in Adults and Children655 Words   |  3 Pages Traumatic brain injuries have become an epidemic, affecting both children and adults. The effects of these brain injuries are severe however; they do differ in severity from youth to adult age in areas such as: cognitive and speech function, physical ability, fatigue, and headaches. America has been recognizing the severity of these injuries and sports and medicine have increased funding to prevent them. In order to properly decide what treatment is best for adults or youth suffering traumatic brainRead MoreWhat Does The Phrase Social Justice Mean?853 Words   |  4 Pagesthe phrase ‘social justice’ mean? Is it fairness in terms of social life? Equity in the way people are treated within a community? Or even simply, justice for those who are social? Oxford Dictionary describes social justice as â€Å" justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society,† (Social Justice). Economically, this can mean that monetary resou rces are evenly distributed throughout the general public. The equal opportunity aspect of social justice canRead More Special Education Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesdisabilities. It is important to understand the different types of disabilities, the characteristics of these disabilities, and causes; in order to ensure the success of students. This paper will define severe disabilities, mental retardation, traumatic brain injury, autism, and deaf-blindness. In addition, this paper will address the characteristics and causes of each disability. Definition of Severe Disabilities There are many different definitions used to define the meaning of severe disabilitiesRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injuries On Our Society1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe human brain is an enormously complex and intricate structure; however, it is incredibly susceptible to injury and irreversible damage. Traumatic brain injuries can affect any member of the population at any given moment, damaging vital areas of the brain responsible for an entire spectrum of tasks, most of which are often taken for granted. Numerous medical professionals are involved in the rehabilitation of patients that sustain traumatic brain injuries. Because traumatic brain injuries have suchRead MoreWhat Are Invisible Wounds Of War?1411 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss treatment for these two injuries, including the role of social workers. Ann Lee California State University, Sacramento Social work 191 Professor Lial March 12, 2016 Invisible wounds of war Invisible wounds of war are psychological and cognitive injuries; a deep scar that others cannot see or feel their pain. According to Pryce, Pryce, and Shackelford (2012), War produces undetectable injuries, and the present wars bear this out. The mark undetectable injuries connected with the presentRead MoreThe Most Common Form Of Brain Injury1427 Words   |  6 PagesAnnually, 1.4 million people in the United States have experienced some degree of a traumatic brain injury. 1.4 million people every year. And who, you may wonder, is at the highest risk? Children, ages 0 to 14 and young adults, ages 15-19. The term â€Å"traumatic brain injury† (TBI) refers to a brain injury caused by trauma rather than disease, vascular accidents, or alcohol. Incidences of Traumatic Brain Injury have had a significant surge as they are more recognized by the medical profession. OccurringRead MorePhineas Gage Suffers a Traumatic Brain Injury1289 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuriesRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injuries On Children899 Words   |  4 Pages Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the one of the leading causes of cognitive impairments in children (Ryan, p. 86). In any given year, the United States will have about 475,000 cases of TBI in people under 14 years old (Lewis, p. 348). While, injuries such as these in adults can be severe, the effects of the injury on a child’s developing brain may be devastating. A lesion on a rapidly developing brain may be particularly detrimental, often resulting in delays or cessation of development (BraineRead MoreEssay On Tbi1010 Words   |  5 Pagesthat affect cognitive, physical and psychological well-being. These changes from preinjury status can have a financial and social impact. Outcomes can be greatly influenced by lack of access to care and by social and economic barriers (Stocchetti Zanier, 2016). Mr. Nowak is a 65-year-old male who lives in New Jersey and had a self-reported moderate traumatic brain injury nearly forty years prior. He had memory impairment, cognition issues, a lack of energy and a newly reported issue with balance

The Candide An Era Of Enlightenment Philosopher Essay

Alexander Luna English 5 M/W I. Sperry October 1, 2014 Word Count: Franà §ois-Marie Arouet, also known as Voltaire after his writings exiled him from france, was an Era of Enlightenment philosopher that focused on social oppression, Government corruption, and fanaticism; i.e, optimistic philosophy and religion. Voltaire s writing style was indignantly satirical to the late middle ages system, but despite exile from France because of his writing, he became popular among the masses for his philosophy. Candide, one of Voltaire s more famous works, expresses lack of reasoning in optimistic philosophy, for the application of practical issues. Candide’s journey is expressed in a quick turnover of events, leaving the reader unavailable to emotionally attach themselves to tragedies; however, Candide’s transformation to an ethical individual is expressed by the lack of practical use of optimistic philosophy. Candide was written during first contact between the western and eastern hemispheres, the transformation to Industrialization and secularism, and social and educational reform throughout Europe. What became to be known as the Enlightenment era, drove Voltaire into writing against institutions and religions that opposed the enlightenment. Through Voltaire’s satire in Candide, Candide question’s his framing of the natural world that is due in large by Pangloss, his mentor on Optimistic Philosophy. Pangloss had mentored Candide, in Westphalia in the castle of the Baron ofShow MoreRelatedVoltaire s Candide : A Critique Of Politics And Religion During The Age Of Enlightenment1500 Words   |  6 Pagespublished Candide, ou l Optimisme simultaneously in five European countries in January of 1759, it was met with widespread denouncement due to its controversial content and scandalous portrayal of politics and religion. Nevertheless, the bitingly satirical novel fervently sprea d throughout Europe and was translated into several more languages, selling tens of thousands of copies within its first year of publication (Barnes). Despite being first categorized as dangerous blasphemy, Candide is now regardedRead MoreAn Analysis of Candide Story by Voltaire1347 Words   |  6 PagesVoltaire â€Å"Candide or Optimism† was written in the enlightenment era. Voltaire story is published in The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Voltaire’s character, Pangolss, is a philosopher who teaches about God morals. Pangolss is also a mentor to Candide, who is the main character of the novel. Candide has a good heart but is also feel s very hopeless in life. Pangloss takes Candide under his wing and teaches him that â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† The enlightenment movement is seenRead MoreThe And Philosophical Movement Of Voltaire s Candide1641 Words   |  7 Pagespeople understood and interpreted their thoughts. The Enlightenment advo cated for truth, to free the human mind from superstition and religious authoritarianism. People began to reflect on themselves rather than relying on the church. Voltaire was a writer and philosopher, who played an important role by incorporating themes of The Enlightenment into one of his famous novels, â€Å"Candide† to spread ideas. Themes including religion, and optimism in â€Å"Candide† were used by Voltaire through his perspective toRead MoreReligion, Politics and Morals in Voltaire’s Candide1300 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Religion, Politics and Morals† How did Voltaire exploit the pre-modern era through mockery and criticism of 18th century society? Voltaire’s Candide can be understood in several ways by its audience. At a first glance it would appear to be simply a story blessed with outrageous creativity, but if you look deeper in to the novel, a more complicated and meaningful message is buried within. Voltaire uses the adventures of Candide as a representation of what he personally feels is wrong within in societyRead MoreVoltaire s Candide : The Enlightenment And The Intellectual Spearhead Of The French Revolution1118 Words   |  5 PagesInspired by the bold ideas that coincided with the French enlightenment, writer Franà §ois-Marie Arouet, more popularly known as Voltaire, wrote Candide, published in January of 1789 in Paris, France by Sirà ¨ne. Voltaire became known as the â€Å"fountainhead of the Enlightenment and the intellectual spearhead of the French Revolution†Ã‚ ² with his bold ideas that challenged society’s way of thinking. This satire was written during the Enlightenment period and de monstrated Voltaire’s criticisms toward theRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment By Francois Marie Arouet1082 Words   |  5 PagesThe Age of Enlightenment was a time of philosophical movements and new ways of thinking that prevailed in Europe and spread all over the world in the 18th century. This era saw the rise of many writers and philosophers that are still recognized and praised today. Goals like tolerance, reason, progress, and the removal of the injustices of church and state were prominent in works by Enlightenment thinkers. Although they shared similar goals, methods to accomplish them were varied. Writers broughtRead More Literary Analysis of the Enlightenment Period and Romanticism1461 Words   |  6 Pageswitnessed the birth of the Enlightenment and Romantic Periods. There were similarities as well as very notable differences between the two. There were also two prominent voices that gained notoriety during each of these two periods. Voltaire is considered to be th e pioneer of the power of reason and Rousseau is looked upon as a legendary figure of Nineteenth Century Romanticism. This analysis will evaluate the two eras, both writers and a literary piece. The Enlightenment Era gave way to an age ofRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment : The Interesting Life Of Olaudah Equiano1456 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the 18th century, many things were happening and the Europeans also were known as â€Å"Enlightenment thinkers and philosophers† thought by creating a movement called Age of Enlightenment, it would inflict rational change upon humanity. The Age of Enlightenment is described to be â€Å"set out by means of reason and direct observation to discover the fundamental laws governing nature, humanity, and society. The philosophes believed that such discoveries would free the world from tyranny, violence, andRead More Candide by Voltaire Essay example1218 Words   |  5 Pagesthe author of the novella Candide, also known as Optimism. The the novella, Voltaire portrays the idea of Optimism as being illogical and absurd. In Candide, Voltaire satirizes the doctrine of Optimism, an idea that was greatly used during the Enlightenment time period by philosophers. In this narrative, Candide is a young man who goes through a series of undertakings and ventures around the the globe where he experiences evil and adversity. Throughout his journeys, Candide maintained the ideas ofRead MoreEssay on Candide1469 Words   |  6 PagesCandide Essay Toward the beginning of the 18th century, a new ideology began to take hold of Europe. It was during this time that a radical and critical revolution took place to bring about the use of rational thought and enlighten the people about their own beliefs and values; thus igniting the period of Enlightenment. In this period many people followed the teachings of their forefathers, such as Socrates, who was considered a figure of skepticism and rational thought. Challenging all views

Ergonomics And The Workplace Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The pattern of safety in workplace has seen unbelievable progresss as clip has gone, due to advancement in engineering, although there is still considerable sum of challenges that comes in signifier of hurts and unwellnesss ( Hopwood and Thompson, 2006 ) . This is where biotechnologies comes to play a function in doing the workplace safe for activities that would be carried out by the employee. Biotechnologies draws on many subjects in its survey of worlds and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical technology, industrial technology, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychological science ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Ergonomics And The Workplace Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unsafe, unhealthy, uncomfortable or inefficient state of affairss at work or in mundane life are avoided by taking history of the physical and physiological capablenesss and restrictions of worlds ( Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993 ) . Human wellness and safety is at optimal scope when the workplace environmental parametric quantities are suited for the employee ( Story, 2010 ) . Each twelvemonth, ill designed merchandises and workplaces account for 1000s of hurts and skyrocketing costs. That is why biotechnologies the human factor in merchandise and workplace design is fast going a major concern of makers ( Gross, 1995 ) . This study is about how is about using and proper preparation on the usage of biotechnologies to mundane workplace can forestall life endangering unwellnesss, uncomfortableness, accidents, and how employers can salvage money by cut downing costs related to issues like workers ‘ compensation, absenteeism and bend over, as it makes operations more efficient by making work topographic point designs with fewer mistakes and better on workplace user friendliness ( MacLeod, 1995 ) , with the end of cut downing musculoskeletal uncomfortableness, addition work productiveness, efficiency and comfort, as an employee who is more comfy is more productive ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to cognize what biotechnologies is all approximately and how it can be incorporated into the wellness and safety sector. The aims of this study are ; Reduce hazards factors associated with ill designed work Stationss and, To plan a workplace that is suited for the human organic structure instead than the human organic structure accommodating to workplace. To be able to place, step, control and supervise the occupational wellness hazards/agents in the workplace which may do ill-health to employees. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Biotechnologies is the scientific discipline of suiting workplace conditions and occupation demands to the capablenesss of the working population, it tends to look into work related jobs that poses a hazard of musculoskeletal upsets and ways of relieving them ( Cohen et al, 1997 ) . It is besides the applied scientific discipline that is devoted to supply comfort, efficiency and safety into the design of points in the work topographic point ( Shelly and Vermaat, 2010 ) , ergonomic intercession can profit both employer and employee ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . The International Ergonomics Association defines biotechnologies as follows: Biotechnologies ( or human factors ) is the scientific subject concerned with the apprehension of interactions among worlds and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, rules, informations and methods to plan in order to optimise human wellbeing and overall system public presentation. A big figure of factors play a function in biotechnologies ; these include organic structure position and motion, environmental factors, information and operation every bit good as work organisation. Biotechnologies differs from other Fieldss by its interdisciplinary attack and applied nature ( Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993 ) . The benefits of biotechnologies include occupation satisfaction and enhanced worker motive, added problem-solving capablenesss, and greater credence of alteration. Involving staffs can assist to place occupation jeopardies, suggest ways to command these jeopardies and working with direction in make up one’s minding how to set this control in topographic point. 2.2 WHO IS AN ERGONOMIST? An Ergonomist is one who has equal cognition of the relation between worlds ‘ wellness and worlds ‘ public presentation ( Schlick, 2009 ) taking into consideration the occupation, equipment used and information used ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics ) . Harmonizing to Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993, the professional ergonomists can work for the governments ( statute law ) , developing establishments ( universities and colleges ) , research constitutions, the service industry ( consultancy ) and production sector ( occupational wellness services, forces sections, design sections, research sections, etc. ) , they besides wrote that the ergonomist highlights the countries where ergonomic cognition is indispensable, provides ergonomic guidelines and advises interior decorators, buyers, direction and employees, on which are more acceptable systems. 2.3 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS: Science of Ergonomics dates back to 1717, when Bernadino Ramazzini, male parent of occupational medical specialty, speculated on factors within the work environment that contributed to his patients ‘ unwellnesss, he described violent and irregular gestures, dead set position and tonic strain on the musculus as factors that contributed to musculoskeletal strivings in his patients ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . However, in the United Kingdom, biotechnologies started in 1917 in World War I when the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Medical Research Council were asked to look into industrial conditions, peculiarly of weaponries workers, this led to the constitution of Industrial Fatigue Research Board who performed research on above subject in 1929 because of the expanded range of work ( hours of work, preparation, accidents, illuming and airing, and design of the machinery. In 1949, the Ergonomics Research Society was established at a meeting held by a little group of research workers at the Admiralty ; this made the society the earliest to be formed in the universe ( Meister, 1999 ) . 2.4 LEGAL CONTROL OF ERGONOMICS: The jurisprudence serves as a critical map in complex societal scene as it provides criterions or guidelines that define unacceptable and acceptable human behavior. A breach in this jurisprudence can be considered misdemeanor of the jurisprudence and the transgressor could confront civil or condemnable punishments the legal system of every governmental legal power and at every degree of organized society must invariably accommodate to altering demands, so at that place has and will be a go oning gush of commanding Torahs. It is for this ground that the legal system is based on constructs of human mistakes. Liability bar or extenuation is the turning away of mistake by probe, analysis, rating, hazard appraisal, disciplinary action, and preventative redresss. The chance of a scientist or applied scientist holding contact with jurisprudence is high, it is wise to go familiar with the country of web ( Marras and Karwowski, 2006 ) , as there are a myriad of functions that can be played in province or federal common jurisprudence actions, workers ‘ compensation instances, allegations of statutory misdemeanors, arbitrations or mediations, authorities bureau hearings, or commendations affecting Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) , Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) ( Vinal, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Health and Safety at Work ( HASAW ) Act 1974, which is statute law, it states that ; it is the responsibility of the employer to transport out a hazard appraisal in the work topographic point. Failure to this is regarded as a breach in the jurisprudence and has its effects. 2.5 METHODS OF UNDERTAKING ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT The cardinal end of human-centered technology is to fit human features such as organic structure size, strengths and failings, and capablenesss and penchants with the relevant properties of equipment, undertakings, and process ( Kroemer, 2006 ) . The different methods used in the appraisal of biotechnologies include ; I Physical methods II Psycho physiological methods III Behavioural and Cognitive Methods IV Team methods V Environmental methods VI Macroergonomics methods ( Stanton et al. , 2005 ) All these methods make usage of the following techniques listed below ; Measurement squads Anthropometric techniques Measuring energetic capablenesss Measuring musculus strength Measuring mental work load Measuring vision capablenesss Systematic assemblage of information The ideal field appraisal tools used should possess the undermentioned properties ; Predictive: the tool should supply prognostic step of hazard of musculoskeletal hurt, Robust: can be used in any work state of affairs, Cheap: tool can be available at minimum pecuniary cost, Non-invasive: should non impact when worker performs or procedure work flow, Quick: appraisal could be performed rapidly, Easy to utilize: tool could be used with minimum preparation, ( Marras and Karwowski, 2006 ) . 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTEGRATED ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WORK STATION For the intent of this appraisal to be done, several protocols would hold to be met. The first thing that would be done is to acquire a work station that can be used to transport out an ergonomics appraisal, and the Help Desk in the Learning Resource Centre ( LRC ) has been selected. A proposed meeting was set up with the Manager of the LRC to acquire permission to transport out the appraisal, the director approved of this and forwarded necessary messages to the supervisors in the LRC who helped in finishing the undertaking. A confidentiality questionnaire was handed to one of the supervisors, which was filled and returned and would be used as a point of mention in the consequences. Using anthropometric method of ergonomic hazard appraisal, measuring of the work station would be taken utilizing a measurement tape and images snapped for farther grounds of the work station for biotechnologies assessment. Ergonomics appraisal on the work station would be done on the footing of the under taking carried out. The undertaking carried out in the Help Desk in the LRC involves assisting pupils use the computing machine systems to turn up books in the library and assisting to set up books in shelves. For this ground, there is the demand to jump between sitting down and standing. Below is a chart that shows a program on how the work would be carried out. Observation Hazard Identification Biotechnologies Assessment Evaluation Hazard Validation Control and proctor Reappraisal Chart 1: Flow Plan on the methodological analysis of the ergonomic appraisal. 4.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION The peculiar work station selected for this biotechnology was carefully observed for the different undertaking carried out to see if there is any job associated with the work topographic point. Anthropometric technique was used to transport out this work by acquiring measurings of the work topographic point. 4.1 Observation: The aid desk offered aid in transporting out this work after permission was granted by the Manager of the LRC. Looking carefully at the manner work was done and inquiring inquiries from the staff being monitored were put into consideration, besides exposure were taken to besides acquire a clear image of how the employee carries out the undertaking. Fig 1: A Staff transporting out her responsibilities on a Ocular Display Unit. 4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: jeopardy designation was obtained chiefly by inquiring inquiries from the employee on the work station, doing usage of a questionnaire and sing the work station for possible activities that may do wellness upset ( s ) and affect the employee. Health and Safety at Work ( HASAW ) Act 1974 demands that the employer should do certain that employers carry out a hazard appraisal in the work environment to guarantee safety of staffs. See consequence in table 1 below. Table 1: Hazard Identification on the aid desk. Hazard Hazard facet Impact/ Effect Position Hunched position ( ensuing from weariness and long hours of working ) Stiffness of the dorsum, cervix, and carpus from working excessively long on the Visual Display Unit Assortment of wellness jobs, like caved shoulders, muscular instabilities, rounding of the upper dorsum and a inclination to tilt frontward while walking. Incidence of lower dorsum upsets. Motion Distortion of the waist, cervix, stretching the manus and retention in that place for a long clip ( striving musculuss in the manus ) Pain and strain on cervix musculuss and waist. Stress on musculuss of the weaponries while stretching causes weariness of the arm musculus. Ocular Display Unit ( VDU ) , keyboard and mouse. Fixed place of the cervix when staring at the VDU, and emphasis on fingers from excessively much typewriting, writhing and flexing of the carpus when managing the mouse. Makes the employee aware of some oculus defects that he/she was non cognizant of. Striving of the weaponries to make the mouse and distortion of the carpus to acquire to the keyboard and catching the mouse. 4.3 ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT: Biotechnologies appraisal on the work station showed that the design of the station has a moderate mark as it accommodates the employee and has a low hazard degree. Below is a tabular array of the entire ergonomic hazard factor and how it was derived. Table 2: Ergonomic Work Position Evaluation. Assessed by: Igho Date:14/12/2010 Ergonomic Evaluation Risk Factor Static Points Comments/Action Work Positions ( Siting ) 0 platinums 2 platinums 4 platinums v if 20 secs + X 3 if inactive Neck ( Flexion ) flexing caput frontward v v 6 Moderate Shoulders ( Raising cubituss ) v v 6 Moderate Wrists/Hands v v 6 Moderate Back ( flexure ) flexing frontward at the hips v v 12 High Hiking Shoulders v v 0 Low Writhing ( falsely with pess stationary ) v v 0 Low Table 3: Undertaking factor Evaluation Undertaking Factors Points Awarded Muscle force Low v Moderate High 0 Vibration Low v Moderate High 0 Lighting Good v Fair Poor 0 Workplace Temperature Comfortable v Warm/Cool Hot/Cold 0 Table 4: Hazard Factor sum on the work station. Risk Factor entire Risk Factor Points Total Comments/Action 0 platinums 2 platinums 4pts Work Positions 0 – 7 8 – 15 16 pts+ = 4 High ( 8-12 ) Undertaking factors 0 – 8 9 – 15 16 pts+ = 0 = 4 Moderate ( 4 – 7 ) Raising 0 – 7 8 – 13 14 pts+ = 0 Low ( 0 – 3 ) Table 5: Key Descriptor Scale Form Consequence Control 0-3 Low Little or no ailments of musculus achings and strivings Taking of short clip interruptions 4-7 Moderate Stress and weariness on musculuss which is tolerable Choice of an employee to supervise how undertakings are being carried out 8-12 High Work Musculoskeletal upset, inactive burden on musculuss leads to painful weariness on musculuss Decrease of work that can do musculoskeletal upset and preparation of staffs to go more cognizant of ergonomic hazard factors related to musculoskeletal upsets. Below is a study on the work station used in the LRC, measured in centimeter. 48cm 24cm 96cm 48cm 72cm Floor Fig 1: Sketch and measuring of the work station. The study above can be compared to the British criterion dimension to cognize if the mensural work station meets up with the criterion. Table 6: Work topographic point measuring compared with British Standard Dimension Measured Work Station British Standard Dimension ( 5th – 95th Percentile ( assorted Population 19 – 65 year ) Popliteal tallness 48cm 44cm Thigh Clearance 23cm Table Height ( Popliteal height + Siting Elbow tallness ) 72cm 68.5cm Siting Shoulder Height Position 57cm 59cm Back remainder 48cm Hazard VALIDATION Based on the production of a well ergonomically equipped work station, a good control and reappraisal of the work station, and everything put in order, information and preparation of employees there may still be a job that can present as a menace to the work topographic point. This can be seen in workers habit ; sitting frontward on the chair, sitting in the center of the chair, tilting on arm remainder and back remainder, weaponries resting on the tabular array are some illustrations of employees habit, and this can ensue in intervertebral phonograph record hurts and back jobs as the musculuss of the dorsum are easy stressed. CONTROL AND MONITORING To command occupational wellness and safety hazards, betterment of public presentation and benefits in work topographic points in order to extinguish or minimise hazard to employees and other interested parties exposed to hazards associated with its activities, it is necessary to implement, keep and continually better occupational wellness and safety in the work topographic point. The followers can be used to command and supervise ongoing activities and undertakings in the work topographic point ; Avoid Unnatural Position: flexing the trunk/head sideways is more harmful than flexing forward The on the job country should be located so that it is at the best distance from the eyes of the operator. Hand clasp, stuffs and tools should be arranged in such a manner that the most frequent motions are carried out with the cubituss set and near to the organic structure. Manipulations can be made easier by utilizing supports under the cubituss, forearms or custodies. Padded/soft warm stuffs that can be adjustable to suite people of different sizes. It is indispensable that the workplace should be suited to the organic structure size and mobility of the operator/employee, since neutral/natural positions and motions are a necessary portion of efficient work. Neck and caput position: caput and cervix should non be dead set frontward by more than 30 grades when the bole is vertical, else weariness and problems may happen. 4.6 Reappraisal Having seen that ergonomically, the work station is tolerable, and staffs have been informed on how to place themselves whilst working, there is need to reexamine work pattern every three months to guarantee and implement that the manner of working is still in topographic point to avoid hurts that may hold built up with clip. 4.7 Recommendation After mensurating the work station and comparing with the British criterion measuring, it is recommended that the chair ( adjustable ) should be adjusted to suit the user so as to acquire the comfortability needed in order non to emphasize and strive musculuss in the dorsum and pess. The mouse and Visual display unit should be ergonomically put in topographic point to the comfort of the operator, to cut down tenseness and strain to the eyes, custodies and carpus Biotechnology POLICY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 ERGONOMICS Policy: The intent of this policy is to endeavor staffs to adhere to guidelines in the work topographic point with the purpose of guaranting a safe working environment every bit good as to convey wellness jeopardy to a lower limit. It is the direction ‘s duty to transport out responsibilities under the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and other statute law including amendments to guarantee safe working patterns and work environment. For this ground, the aid desk shall stay to the undermentioned guidelines ; Biotechnologies attempts shall be embedded, maintained and preserved on the aid desk in Learning Resource Centre ( LRC ) to guarantee a safe and healthy work topographic point environment for employees. Cooperation of work force in doing certain that ergonomic betterment is realised. ( Joint attempt of directors, supervisors, employees and other back uping staffs ) Appellation of station to a responsible employee to look into that workers are good positioned, to forestall Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the work station. Training of staffs to be more cognizant of ergonomic hazard factors related to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Informing staffs about biotechnologies and its hazard factors can assist to cut down cost of intervention of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, as the budgeted cost can be used as employees ‘ benefits. This policy would be implemented and reviewed three times a twelvemonth to guarantee that the wellness conditions of the employees are in order, to cut down money spent on handling employees for work related musculoskeletal upsets. This policy would be handed to each staff through information and preparations and in written signifier. 5.2 Decision After a thorough ergonomic scrutiny of the aid desk in the LRC, and measuring the working environment, proper biotechnologies rating was done and command steps put in Topographic point every bit good as a policy for the safety and wellness of the employees so as to cut down opportunities of the hazard of holding a staff complain about a work related musculoskeletal upset. Control measures used after ergonomic appraisal and hazard proof was carried out is to assist in cut downing the opportunities of acquiring a work related musculoskeletal upset and cost of intervention from hurts sustained ( if any at all, sing the tolerable sum derived from the rating and opportunities of any hurt sustained, this is as a consequence of proper preparation of the staffs ) . How to cite Ergonomics And The Workplace Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Self Reflection On Communication Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Self Reflection On Communication. Answer: Introduction: Effective interpersonal communication is extremely important for maintaining patient safety. Communications between patients, doctors, nurses as well as other healthcare staffs are important for care process of the patient. Miscommunication between any of the members can lead to medication errors, adverse events, long stays of patients in hospitals, poor quality life of patients, readmission, more sufferance, deaths and many others. Effective communication between all the members helps to maintain updates about the condition of the patients which prevent errors form happening. This improves patient care and also safety (McCarthy et al., 2014). The following paragraphs will mainly highly three important situations where I analyzed communication skills to witness my weakness and strengths. Then I successfully developed a goal chart which I would follow to develop my skills for better patient safety. Three instances and self reflection on communication: First case: talking with a patient or stranger: In the first situation where I had to confront a patient in my placement, I realized that I could not properly start the conversations I was quite tensed at the back of the head. Moreover, while as per my theoretical knowledge I tried to develop a therapeutic relationship by trying to develop an environment where transparency could be maintained (Kourkota Papathanasiou, 2014). However, I noted that although the patient was quite extrovert but I could not make him at ease as I was introvert and could not help him to narrate his issues. The patient was being conscious about whether I was hearing as I could not engage in a two way talk into the discussion. As a result the patient could not connect with me properly and a trustworthy relationship could not be initiated. Second case: conversation with senior nurse for asking for favour in delegation procedure In the second case, I had to leave my shift early and therefore I needed to delegate my job to another nurse for which I needed to take permission from senior nurse. As I needed help form her, I politely approached the senior nurse discussed my issues entirely. My polite approach was liked by her. I communicated with her first though an email to which she called me in her cabin and we discussed the issue. I handed over the patient documentations in details to her where she noted the minute points I have noted down. Moreover I also informed her about the patients personal choices, her allergies and other important facts. My sequential way of explaining things was liked by her and she was impressed by me. Third case: asking a friend for a favour In the third situation, I had failed to attend an important class which discussed the pathway of action of a medication in the training class from the trainer. A friend decided to teach me entirely about the procedure. However, I had faced many issues as I grew impatient form her slow reading procedure. I am an impatient listener. Moreover as I was not giving my feedback after each step of the medication, she was not being able to understand whether I was getting the lesson or not. My feedback giving skills were also poor. She got irritated and decided not to teach me anymore although we reconciled later. However, this might affect my professional life later I this situations occur during interactions with my patients. Communication strengths and weakness: First case: talking with a patient or stranger: My weakness that I have identified in my interactions with different individuals is that I am not good in starting any conversation and have biasness about the speaker which mainly constricted my conversations. Moreover I am quite introvert and therefore cannot establish good rapport with the speaker. If such thing happens with the patients, I may not be able to know important events or preferences of the patient which might be important for planning his care (Riley, 2015). Second case: conversation with senior nurse for asking for favour in delegation procedure Secondly, I have realized strength in me is that I conduct my documentation procedures very minutely. Moreover, I discuss updates and information in a properly sequential and detailed manner so that the listener does not have any query left. I maintain a smooth flow in my describing events so that no queries remain in the listener. This would help me when I will be providing health education to patient and family members who will help them to gather information about their ailments and their care plans (Willims, Llten Boggs, 2015). Third case: asking a friend for a favour Another weakness I noticed is that I am an impatient listener and I do not have proper feedback giving skills which might also affect the quality of service provide to patients. These poor attributes might harm patients autonomy and dignity as he might feel that he is not heard or responded to. Communication goals and objectives: I need to properly plan strategies which would help me to overcome my weakness and strengthen the good aspects that I possess. In order to do so, I will first attend community workshop classes on developing communication skills so that I can overcome biasness and introvert attitude. It would teach me to develop an easy flow in the conversation which will provide satisfaction to the patient as he will fill respected. I will also go through several journal articles and discuss issues with my mentor about how to develop my feedback giving skills and listening skill. As she is experience, she will provide me with options which will benefit me. I will also go through YouTube video and internet articles for an overall development of communication. I will also attend training classes at the healthcare center for betterment of my communication. I will set up a time frame of about 8 months during which I will perform these activities. I will then set up an evaluation period of two months. Fol lowing this, I will try to note down and reflect my changes so that I can understand whether I had been properly communicating or not. Conclusion: From the entire reflection, it was seen that I face biasness when I meet new people and are introvert towards them. Moreover I also have improper listening and feedback giving skills. All these skills will result in imperfect communication with the patient and family members which will ultimately affect the quality of the service. Ineffective communication can result in different types of errors which may compromise the patient health and result in long hospitals stays, high sufferance and preventable deaths. Therefore, after reflecting I have identified my weakness and strengths and accordingly have set up strategies which I would adopt to overcome the communication issues. I would then evaluate myself closely so that I can become skilled and effectively communicate with patients and also with other healthcare professionals. References: Arnold, E.C. Boggs, K.U., 2015.Interpersonal Relationships-E-Book: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kourkouta, L. Papathanasiou, I.V., 2014. Communication in nursing practice.Materia socio-medica,26(1), p.65. McCarthy, B., Trace, A. O'Donovan, M., 2014. Integrating psychology with interpersonal communication skills in undergraduatenursing education: Addressing the challenges.Nurse education in practice,14(3), pp.227-232. Riley, J.B., 2015.Communication in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Williams, K.N., Ilten, T.B. Bower, H., 2016. Meeting communication needs: topics of talk in thenursing home.Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services,43(7), pp.38-45.

Atomic Number 2 on the Periodic Table

Atomic Number 2 on the Periodic Table Helium is the element that is atomic number 2 on the periodic table. Each helium atom has 2 protons in its atomic nucleus. The atomic weight of the element is  4.0026. Fast Facts: Atomic Number 2 Element Name: HeliumElement Symbol: HeAtomic Number: 2Atomic Weight: 4.002Classification: Noble GasState of Matter: GasNamed For: Helios, the Greek Titan of the SunDiscovered By: Pierre Janssen, Norman Lockyer (1868) Interesting Atomic Number 2 Facts The element is named for the Greek god of the sun, Helios, because it was initially observed in a previously unidentified yellow spectral line during the 1868 solar eclipse. Two scientists observed the spectral line during this eclipse: Jules Janssen (France) and Norman Lockyer (Britain). The astronomers share credit for the element discovery.Direct observation of the element did not occur until 1895, when Swedish chemists Per Teodor Cleve and Nils Abraham Langlet identified helium emanations from cleveite, a type of uranium ore.A typical helium atom contains 2 protons, 2 neutrons, and 2 electrons. However, atomic number 2 can exist without any electrons, forming what is called an alpha particle. An alpha particle has an electrical charge of 2 and is emitted during alpha decay.The isotope containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons is called helium-4. There are nine isotopes of helium, but only helium-3 and helium-4 are stable. In the atmosphere, there is one atom of helium-3 for every milli on helium-4 atoms. Unlike most elements, the isotopic composition of helium greatly depends on its source. So, the average atomic weight may not really apply to a given sample. Most of the helium-3 found today was present at the time of the Earths formation. At ordinary temperature and pressure, helium is an extremely light, colorless gas.Helium is one of the noble gases or inert gases, which means it has a complete electron valence shell so its not reactive. Unlike gas of atomic number 1 (hydrogen), helium gas exists as monatomic particles. The two gases have comparable mass (H2 and He). Single helium atoms are so small they pass between many other molecules. This is why a filled helium balloon deflates over time the helium escapes through tiny pores in the material.Atomic number 2 is the second most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen. However, the element is rare on Earth (5.2 ppm by volume in the atmosphere) because nonreactive helium is light enough that it can escape Earths gravity and be lost to space. Some types of natural gas, such as that from Texas and Kansas, contain helium. The primary source of the element on Earth is from liquefaction from natural gas. The largest supplier of the gas is the United States. The source of helium is a non-renewable resource, so there may come a time when we run out of a practical source for this element. Atomic number 2 is used for party balloons, but its primary use is in the cryogenic industry for cooling superconducting magnets. The principal commercial use of helium is for MRI scanners. The element is also used as a purge gas, to grow silicon wafers and other crystals, and as a protective gas for welding. Helium is used for research into superconductivity and the behavior of matter at a temperature approaching absolute zero.One distinctive property of atomic number 2 is that this element cannot be frozen into a solid form unless it is pressurized. Helium remains liquid down to absolute zero under normal pressure, forming a solid at temperatures between 1 K and 1.5 K and 2.5 MPa pressure. Solid helium has been observed to possess a crystalline structure. Sources Hampel, Clifford A. (1968).  The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp.  256–268.Meija, J.; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91.Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). Noble Gases.  Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383.  Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp.  E110.

The Media In Zimbabwe essays

The Media In Zimbabwe essays 1. Introduction: Contextualising Zimbabwes Political Climate 2. Taking Control: Propaganda and Legislation 3. Press Coverage of the 2000 In Zimbabwe, the ruling party, Zanu PF, and particularly the President of Zimbabwe, Cde Robert Mugabe, have imposed many legislative and political strictures on the national press in recent years, and have made access to the country difficult and dangerous for foreign journalists. The purpose of this essay is to analyse and evaluate the governments intensifying control of the media, and manipulation of other mass communication tools, in Zimbabwe, and to examine the political, social and economic consequences that these measures of absolute control have rendered. Introduction: Contextualising Zimbabwes Political Climate At this time, the people of Zimbabwe are faced with many hardships; the economy was, until recently, one of the strongest in Africa, but has been hugely undermined by political wrangling between the government and opposition parties. Massive inflation, escalating unemployment, and a marked decrease in GDP are having a direct effect on the day-to-day lives of the 12 million-strong population. As the governments position becomes more and more challenged, it response is one of unswerving subjugation of both the opposition, and the media which supports it. In order to fully appreciate the effects of politics on the Zimbabwean media, and vice versa, it is important to understand the way in which Zimbabwe has developed as a country, and the power that its government now holds over the populace. The remainder of this chapter, therefore, serves as a prcis of Zimbabwes history, and aims to create a context in which the relationship between the Zimbabwean government and the domestic (and to a lesser extent, international) press can be examined. The government of Zimbabwe (a former British colony know...

Effects of Energy Drinks on Children, Adolescents Essay

Effects of Energy Drinks on Children, Adolescents - Essay Example Literature Review Energy drinks are non-alcoholic beverages containing caffeine, taurine, vitamins, herbal supplements, and sugar or sweeteners, with caffeine as its main active ingredient (Seifert et al 2011: 512). Red Bull was the first ED introduced in the European market in 1987 and later in the 1990s in the United States (Kaminer, 2010: 643). Today, EDs are sold in about 140 countries and are expected to rack up a total of $9 billion in sales for the year 2011. It is estimated that half of the world’s energy market consists of children, adolescents and young adults, which practically means those aged 25 years old and below (Kaminer 2010: 643). EDs are marketed as drinks made from natural ingredients that can boost energy and alertness and improve athletic performance. Recently, however, EDs have figured in health-related issues. Reports claimed that EDs can cause seizures, cardiac arrest, psychiatric symptoms, and obesity (Clauson et al, 2008: 57-58). In Germany, health a uthorities reported that EDs were discovered to cause liver damage, respiratory disorders and a host of other ailments and even death. Similarly, Irish health authorities have linked EDs to 2 deaths between 1999 and 2005. Caffeine levels of 200 mg and 1622 mg from drinking energy drinks caused jitteriness in a 13-year old and 14 year-old, respectively (Seifert et al 2011: 516-517). Contrary to claims, Clauson et al (2008) contended that the natural contents of EDs such as ginseng and taurine, found to have beneficial effects, are in so small quantities in EDs that they are unlikely to give any therapeutic effect. The increase in energy that drinkers of EDs feel, is due to caffeine rather than due to their taurine and ginseng content (58). Table 1, shows the results of a survey conducted by Malinauskas et al (2007) involving 496 participants gathered from a US college, 51% of them admitted to taking more than one energy drink every month. Asked about the effects of the energy drinks on them, Table 1 shows that the negative symptoms reported increased as the number of energy drinks taken go higher. Discussion EDs may be generally safe, but they pose danger to certain groups such as children, young teens and young adults because of the amount of their caffeine content. Children have less tolerance for caffeine, which is abundant in energy drinks. A child is supposed to consume not more than 100 mg of caffeine daily. In a study, for example, a sample of men and boys were tested for their caffeine tolerance by giving them the same amount of caffeine. Although blood pressure between the two groups was the same, the boys suffered higher heart rates than the men as well as increased motor activity and decreased reaction time (Seifert et al 2011: 519). The negative effects of caffeine on children may be exacerbated when a child is suffering from certain conditions. Ion chanelopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, conditions which are prevalent in children, is worsened with caffeine intake. Similarly, children with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), are also in danger of shooting blood pressure and increased heart rate. So too, are children with eating disorders who are at risk of cardiac dysrythmias and intracardiac conduction abnormalities. For those suffering from obesity, EDs are

Human resource management (Case study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human resource management (Case study) - Essay Example It defines the organisation’s behaviour and how it tries to cope with its environment.† More precisely, the MBA Tutorials (2010) defines SHRM as â€Å"the linking of human resources with strategic goals and objectives in order to improve business performance and develop organizational culture that foster innovation and competitive advantage† (par. 1). The key features of SHRM were identified as: (1) some organizing strategies or schemes link individual human resource interventions so that they are ‘mutually supportive’; (2) a great amount of responsibility is transferred down the line for the management of HR; and (3) there is a precise link between overall organization strategy, organization environment, HR policies and practices† (MBA Tutorials, 2010, par. 3) In this regard, the Talent Management at Standard Chartered Bank displays features of SHRM in terms of manifesting the presence of strategies that show â€Å"emphasis on people that has seen HR issues ascend the corporate agenda, with the bank’s declared goal of measurably increasing its leadership capacity by 2011† (Case facts, 2). ... .to introduce certain global standards and tools, (and) to give managers some freedom to decide locally how best to use them† (Case facts, 3).   1.2 Comment on the relevance of this approach in the light of the recent banking crisis? The Talent Management program that is consistent with the SHRM approach is appropriately significant in the light of the recent banking crisis due to its ability to gauge performance of personnel and bank branches regardless of their assigned locations; it has the ability to generate and integrate performance of employees on a global scale. In this regard, the effect of changes in the external environment could immediately be measured in terms of repercussive effects on bank branches worldwide and on how creative managers and respective personnel are in responding to the external pressures. The Talent Management Program of Standard Chartered manifests acknowledged the important roles and functions of HRM opting to implement SHRM in adapting to di verse factors from the external environment and adjusting to the demands of the times. Its ability to assess its effectiveness evolves into encompassing areas of employee development (employee behavior, attitudes and skills), competencies, performance, as these attributes all contribute to the achievement of organizational goals. As Cabrera & Cabrera averred, â€Å"no longer are operational measures of internal efficiency sufficient. HR departments must be able to demonstrate the value of their strategic contributions† (2003, 3) which are most applicable especially during the financial crisis. 1.3 Why is it important to measure the impact of SHRM? What might be included in an evaluation strategy to measure the impact of SHRM in

Concretely, colonial policies in Africa were driven by economic Essay

Concretely, colonial policies in Africa were driven by economic factors and not by concerns about the type of society colonial rule would bring about. Discuss - Essay Example This is what came to be known as the "Scramble for Africa". Many historians debate on the reasons as to why European nations rushed to establish colonies and territories in Africa, finding it hard to agree upon a single cause. One thing is very clear though; the colonial policies in Africa were driven by economic factors and not by concerns about the type of society colonial rule would bring about. Colonialism, whether it was by the Belgian, British, German, French or any power was not supposed to be a kind enterprise. The reason behind colonialism was one: exploitation of human labor and economic surplus accumulation. Consequently, capitalism did not spare labor exploitation even if it took spilling blood so as to fulfill the agenda. Britain developed and became a post-industrial nation with financial services increasingly becoming important in its economy. The financial exports kept Britain going, especially its capital investments based outside Europe. The surplus capital was profitably invested not in Britain but overseas, where abundant raw materials, limited competition, and cheap labor made bigger premiums possible. Imperialism inducement arose due to raw materials demand, unavailable in Britain and Europe. These included rubber, copper, tea, cotton, and tin. In Africa, the European’s capital investment was relatively little compared to the other continents. The companies which were involved in commerce were not relatively big, apart from De Beers Mining Company owned by Cecil Rhodes, who carved out north and south Rhodesia for himself and his company, as did King Là ©opold II with the Congo Free State and later Belgian Congo. Europe was experiencing an economic depression during the late 1800’s.as a result, the colonial governments did not have enough for spending on economic development, political administration, and social programs in their new colonies. A policy was formulated for the colonies to â€Å"pay for themselves.† In

The introduction of the Tesco Supermarket

The introduction of the Tesco Supermarket Tesco started as a one-man business in Londons East End. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen, son of a Polish Jewish tailor. He sold groceries in the markets of the East End from 1919. The Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. The name derived after Jack Cohen bought a large shipment of tea from T.E. Stockwell (formerly Messrs Torring and Stockwell of Mincing Lane), he made new labels by using the first three letters of the suppliers name and the first two letters of his surname forming the word TESCO. The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, and London. The firm was floated on the London Stock Exchange on 23 December 1947. The first Tesco self-service store opened in 1948 in St Albans and is still trading in 2006 as a Tesco Metro store.The first Tesco supermarket was opened in 1956 in a converted cinema in Maldon, Essex. Tescos first superstore was opened in 1968 in Crawley, West Sussex. The group began selling petrol in 1974 and its annual turnover reached one billion pounds in 1979. Also In 1975 Tesco opened one of its first Hypermarkets in Irlam. The first Hypermarket under the Extra name opened in 1997. EXPANSION: In 1994, the company took over the Scottish supermarket chain William Low. Tesco successfully fought off Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm, which operated 57 stores north of the border, paving the way for Tesco to expand its weak presence in Scotland. To the present day, Tesco has based its Scottish headquarters at the former Wm. Low offices in Dundee. From small beginnings in Scotland Inverness was recently branded as Tescotown, since an estimated 50p in every  £1 spent on food is believed to be spent in the three Tesco stores within the city. (Nationally, it is estimated that 1 in every  £8 is the proportion spent) It introduced a loyalty card branded Clubcard in 1995 and later an Internet shopping service. During the 1990s it expanded into Central Europe, Ireland and East Asia. In July 2001 it became involved in internet grocery retailing in the USA when it obtained a 35% stake in GroceryWorks. In October 2003 it launched a UK telecoms division, comprising of mobile and home phone services, to complement its existing internet service provider business. In August 2004, it also launched a broadband service. NATURE, SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT NATURE: Tesco opened its first store in Edgware, North London in 1929.It is founded by John Cohen and T. E. Stockwell. Tesco mainly used strategies to build customer loyalty. It reached the  £billion pound turnover in 1979.It became the first UK business to reach  £2 billion pound and became the largest retailer in UK. STRATEGY: According to Johnson and Scholes strategy is defined as the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term; which achieves advantage for the organisation through it configuration of resources within a changing enviroment,to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Tescos growth over the last two or three decades has involved a transformation of its strategy and image. Its initial success was based on the Pile it high, sell it cheap approach of the founder Jack Cohen. The disadvantage of this was that the stores had a poor image with middle-class customers. In the late 1970s Tescos brand image was so negative that consultants advised the company to change the name of its stores. It did not accept this advice, yet by early 2005 it was the largest retailer in the United Kingdom, with a 29.0% share of the grocery market according to retail analysts TNS Super Panel, compared to the 16.8% share of ASDA and 15.6% share of third-placed SainsburyHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SainsburysHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsburyss, which had been the market leader until it was overtaken by Tesco in 1995. Key to success: Focus on customers. Focus heavily on value for money. Finest and low price. Core UK business. Non-food business. Retailing services. International Expansion. SCOPE According to Mintzberg and Quinn there are five definitions if strategy Strategy as a plan Strategy as a pattern Strategy as a position Strategy as a perspective Strategy as a ploy Tescos growth over the last two or three decades has involved a transformation of its strategy and image. Its initial success was based on the Pile it high, sell it cheap approach of the founder Jack Cohen. Levels of planning Planning of strategy in any organisation is categorised into three levels: Top level planning: this is done by the top management and is termed as strategic planning. It is a long range planning and is linked to long range goals. Second level planning: This is carried out by senior executives and is termed as tactical planning. The plans are devised to achieve the organisations main objectives. The long-range plans of the organisation are segmented and are oriented to functions and departments. Third level planning: This is the concern of the departmental managers and supervisors and is called activity planning or operational planning. It is confined to short term activities and also individual assignments and establishes performance of the organisation. Corporate strategy: It is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the business to meet stake holder expectations. It is often expressed as mission statement of the organisation. The companys mission statement reads, Our core purpose is, To create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. We deliver this through our values, No-one tries harder for customers, and Treat people how we like to be treated'. The underlying aim is of course to make higher profits, but there is a clear focus on customer service at the top level of the company. Business strategy: It is concerned with how a business competes successfully in a particular market. Tescos business strategy is to Expand overseas Maintain a strong uk business Expand into non-food merchandise Operational strategy: It is concerned with the operations to deliver the corporate and business strategy of the organisation. Tesco has its every little helps strategy to make both its employees and customers happy while achieving the organisational goals. PURPOSE Tesco adopts its strategy with a core purpose to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. This is expressed as two key values. No one tries harder for customers Treat people as we like to be treated. Tesco positions all its resources with a purpose to satisfy this strategy while achieving its organisational goals. PROCESS FOR DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT While the corporate strategy of an organisation sets the objectives for different businesses; business strategy deals with individual sections of the overall business and the operational strategy directs and determines each function of the organisation. The process of business strategy of Tesco can be outlined as: Stating and understanding The Companys vision. Stating and understanding The Companys mission. Analysing the business environment. Crafting and evaluation of strategy. Implementation, monitoring and control. VISION Tescos vision can be clearly understood in the statement of its CEO Terry Leahy we have got only 5% of the non-food market in Britain, we have got only 6% of the convenience market and we have got only 2-3% of the banking market In all these examples we could be much bigger. This statement clearly presents the idea where Tesco wants to be in the future. MISSION A mission statement spells out the central purpose and shared values of a business organisation. Mission of Tesco is To create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty which is delivered through two key values no one tries harder for customers and treat people how they like to be treated. ANALYSIS OF THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT For the formulation of strategy, it is necessary to analyse the organisational environment. These would include political, economic, social and technological factors. According to Johnson and Scholes: Managers face difficulties in trying to understand the environment. First, the environment encapsulates many different influences; the difficulty is making sense of this diversity in a way which can contribute to strategic decision making. A simple analysis of the business environment so Tesco involves three aspects: Analysing Internal capabilities and resources(core competencies) Analysing external environment by PEST Analysis Analysing the competitive environment by Porters five forces Core Competencies Core competences relate to those resources and capabilities if the firm which enable to Attain a competitive edge in the market According to Johnson and Scholes core competencies create and sustain the ability to meet the critical success factors of particular customer groups better than other providers in ways that are difficult to imitate. Tesco identifies core competencies by three factors: Creation of new products and services which provides potential access to a wide variety of markets. Skill which makes a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product. competitive unique skills which are difficult for competitors to imitate PEST ANALYSIS The external environment of an organisation is analysed by PEST analysis. It helps to identify the key changes that are taking place around the organisation and which influence it in the future. A PEST Analysis looks at Political Factors Economic factors Social factors Technological factors The following is the PEST Analysis for Tesco Political Factors Risks of potential competition commission enquiry GM- Food EU competition Law Economic Factors Intensive price competition between the large supermarkets Cost of products keep falling because of strengthening buying power Socio cultural factors Organic foods and drink Customer concerns about GM food, allergies and additives Animal welfare policies Environmental policies and practices Technological Factors Radio Frequency identity technology in operation of its supply chain Radio barcode technology for tagging cases. Self service check-out system. PORTERS FIVE FORCES Porters five forces are used to analyse the external environment of an organisation and to determine the attractiveness of the market. The five forces are: The bargaining power of customers The bargaining power of suppliers The threat of new entrants The threat of substitute products The intensity of competitive rivalry Bargaining power of customers The buying power of customers may influence Tesco to force prices down. This may lead to competition where the other rivals may also bring down the prices. Tesco should maintain the customer loyalty to stop them from drifting to others. Bargaining power of suppliers Demand of suppliers to pay high prices for their goods. Recently, the agitation by the dairy farmers to get high price for milk is an example. But market giants like Tesco has an overwhelming advantage over their suppliers where they dictate the price they pay their suppliers. Threat of new entrants Supermarket chains like Tesco manage the threat of new entrants by imposing barriers to entry. This is achieved by paying high price to suppliers and buying large volumes of goods. This makes Tesco to supply goods at cheaper prices to its customers where it corners the new entrants. Tesco also has the advantage of economies of scale. Threat of substitute products Tesco faces the threat of cutting down the prices of groceries and goods by other giants like Asda and Sainsbury. This may lead to lowering of prices where the buyer gets an advantage. Intensity of competitive rivalry Retail industry is the one where the profit margins are low and the competition is high. According to classical economics, rivalry between companies should drive profits to zero. All the above mentioned factors impact the intensity of competition for Tesco. Asda, Sainsburys, Morrisons and others with their expansion plans and strategies are making the competition tough. Their disciplined approach towards prices setting is preventing the destruction in profit war. Environmental evaluation of Tesco The environmental audit is reliant on the monitoring activity undertaken by the organisation. It includes Market intelligence Largest supermarket chain with a market capitalisation of  £26.037bn New strategies for mergers and expansion plans to US Effective and low prices Continuous monitoring and direct information on the sales figures in stores Efficient maintenance of customer loyalty. Technical intelligence RFID technology for supply chain management EPOs and Bar-coding technology Extension of RFID technology for tagging the cases through out the supply chain by 2007. Effective implementation of one in front policy at the tills to satisfy the customers. Acquisition intelligence Decision of receding from the bid to takeover Safeway. Expansion plans for US Other issues Convenience stores according to the needs of the people Decisions regarding the environmental issues Crafting a strategy By considering the above factors Tesco clearly crafted a strategy that keeps it in the leading position in all the aspects: The selected strategy of Tesco is To provide all the customers with excellent value and choice in UK business which is its biggest market and where Tesco enjoys top slot. Having a six element approach to be an international retailer while focusing on satisfaction of needs of the different local customers. KEY FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING STRATEGY The key factors for an organisation are those which exist within an environment and may generate a need for change. These are triggers for change in the organisation. The following is a brief description of the key factors which may lead to strategic change in Tesco. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Macro environmental analysis increases awareness of the relevant environmental changes at managerial level. This enhances strategic planning. Macro environmental analysis further focuses attention on the primary influences of strategic change and provides anticipation to opportunities and carefully develops responses to change. The following are the external environmental factors which pose challenges to Tesco High energy costs High recovery costs Improving position of competitors Risks of the potential competition commission enquiry Growing cautiousness among consumers STAKEHOLDERS Stakeholders can be defined as As those individual actors and parties, organisations and professions and institutions that have a bearing on the behaviour of the organisation as revealed in its policies and actions on the environment. Stakeholders can be divided into two categories; Those view the organisation externally Those have an internal interest External stakeholders for Tesco are competitiors, customers, suppliers, shareholders government departments etc.They judge the efficiency and try to influence its activities. So Tesco always determines the outputs required by the stakeholders. Internal stakeholders for Tesco are the owners, managers and employees. In large companies like Tesco there are thousands of shareholders who have a vested interest in the success of the business. MEDIA Media plays a very important role in an organisations strategy. It works in two ways; Interest in the success of the organisation and its subsequent positive feedback Interest in the proposed developments Tesco notifies well that the influence of effective public relations on the opinions of a wide range of groups will enhance the likelihood of success for its strategy. So it always maintains good relations with the media. Tescos media centre contain the latest news releases, images and briefing notes. Their latest TV ad campaign can also be viewed from their video library. The media people can also access to their media centre for easy access to the latest developments. LEGAL Organisations need to anticipate and prepare themselves for changes in legal procedures. The potential competition commission enquiry and other regulations are important legal factors which can influence retail sector now.Tesco has all the legal resources which enables it to respond to such changes well in advance and as a part of its developing strategy. ETHICAL These are the moral principles that should govern human relations and conduct. These are very important considerations in formulating strategy which involve subjective personal feelings about human behaviour. Tesco identifies as one of the key factors in its strategy and accepts this with enthusiasm and commitment. EDUCATIONAL In the present business scenario, the capacity to transmit knowledge through devices as the internet has become formidable. The most important and interesting aspect of the improvement in education and subsequent growth of knowledge has been the increasing professionalism of workforces in an organisation. Tesco understand this well and implements it in the improvement of skills of its human resources. It conducts training programmes a least two times a year. POLITICAL Political factors generally effect the organisation in two ways. One driven by the government pr by the multinational political initiatives and another concerned with the political shifts within the particular business environment. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS The following are the factors that are instrumental to the internal environment of Tesco. Organisational policy The mission statement of an organisation sets out the purpose of a business The mission statement of an organisation is refined over the time to reflect the developed or enhanced capabilities of the business .The following are the purpose statements for Tesco which gives a clear picture of its policy Scope of an organisations activities is a fundamental element of strategy. Tescos scope relates to the extent of the market into which it sells its products and services. It is already the largest retailer in UK and is planning to expand to US .It has already wide markets in Europe and Asia. A key consideration for a firm is to identify what areas of activity to pursue in its markets. Tesco targets customers of all ages with its products and services ranging from food, household products and retail to insurance and personal finance. An important aspect of strategy is for a company to identify the positions held by their products and services in the market place. Tesco has already built a very strong businesses over the time with very strong market positions. Each and every one of them has huge potential for further growth. Human resources Tesco is the largest private sector employer in UK. Tesco is the largest private sector employer in UK. It employs 250,000 staff alone in the UK and 367,000 staff worldwide. It has 2365 stores all over the world. Tesco employs about 11,000 employees every year. It recruits about 80 to 150 graduates each year to two training schemes one store and one office based. It recruits by in-store advertising, events in local areas. and recommendations From existing employees through an employee referral scheme. These employees are the need for effective communication in the field of management. Financial resources As per the statistics of 2006 Tesco is the fourth largest retailer in the world. Its market capitalisation was  £26.035 billion which was the largest of any retailer based outside the united states. Tesco also has got tremendous property portfolio. It does its own development and owns about 85 of all its assets around the world. And always Tesco invests a lot in its property. According to company authorities over the next five years its property value will be  £5 billion and still be a predominantly freehold property company. All these factors are described as the key factors for Tesco DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF STRATEGIC OPTIONS Strategy whether developed for a whole organisation or for an operating department or a team follows the same building process .Its central concern is to create a long-term vision of where we want to be or what we would like to become .Strategy that an organisation adopts should be feasible and practicable. Its pulling power is extremely important to survive in the tough competitive environment where an organisation operates .The art of strategic development involves a set of sophisticated tools to facilitate the process. The following is a brief context of different strategic options for TESCO and their evaluation. PEST ANALYSIS To develop a strategy for an organisation to assure its long-term effectiveness it should carry an analysis about its future. For this PEST Analysis is the best tool. It carries analysis of four or six major factors which can effect the organisation in future .TESCO which is the largest player in retail sector carries PEST Analysis to analyse the external factors which may affect in the future .The following is the PEST Analysis for TESCO: Political and legal considerations Risks of potential commission enquiry TESCO may face the risk of the potential commission enquiry in future which aims to curb the unhealthy competition in the retail sector. GM-Food With increasing awareness in the consumers all over the world TESCO may face the risk with Green peace workers regarding the labelling of genetically modified foods. . EU Competition Law EU Competition Law constituted to regulate monopoly power may impact TESCO and its expansion in the European Union in the near future. Economic considerations Intensive price competition between the large supermarkets Cost of products keep falling because of strengthening buying power Social Factors Organic foods and drink Consumers growing concerns about the organic food and drinks may influence in near future Customer concerns about GM food, allergies and additives With growing cautiousness and discontent about the GM food and use of allergic causing agents and additives in the manufacture of food may show impact Animal welfare policies Animal welfare policies which oppose the testing of the products on animals Environmental policies and practices Green peace workers and changing concerns about environmental issues. Technological Factors Radio Frequency identity technology in operation of its supply chain Use of RFID technology in its supply chain helps TESCO to efficiently carry its operations and maintain its position. Radio barcode Technology for tagging cases. Use of Radio barcode Technology to tag the cases and extending this technique to the entire chain by the end of 2007 will show an impact on operations in TESCO. Self-service checkout system SWOT Analysis IT is a commonly used tool .Its main purpose is to locate the organisation in its operating environment and try to assess its internal and external capabilities and vulnerabilities. SWOT stand for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths are internal and opportunities are environmental. Similarly weaknesses are internal and threats are environmental. The following is the SWOT analysis for TESCO Strengths These are the strengths of TESCO TESCO s Brand name Loyal customers Largest player in the retail sector Well established supply chain Excellent ware housing capability Largest online grocer Great store locations Skilled work force Club card scheme for enhancing customer loyalty. Weaknesses These are the weaknesses of TESCO Vast usage of fossil fuel in transport chain and super market heating systems Lack of integration between departments at certain times Opportunities These are the opportunities where TESCO can explore in future Improving customer relationships Real growth opportunity for grocery retailing in the newly enlarged European Union. Increasing sales through better integration of high street and internet resources Threats These are the threats that might affect TESCO in the future. High energy costs Increasing taxes on retail items Expansion of low cost supermarkets like LIDL. Recovering competitions like Sainsburys and Morrisons. A weakening economy An increase in unemployment PORTERS GENERIC STRATEGIES After establishing the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation and analysing the competitive environment, we have to establish the generic strategy of the organisation. No set of the strategic tools will be complete without a look at Michael porters generic strategies. Porter advocates, Gaining and maintaining competitive advantage The three generic strategies of Porter are Differentiation This is a strategy where the organisation offers a product or service which is unique compared with those of its competitors .This differentiation must be known to at least a segment of the market. Cost Leadership This is a strategy where the organisation enables itself to provide the products or services at a cost less than any other competitive organisation. It is the ability the organisation has to price below competitors if and when it needs so. Focus This is a strategy where the organisation targets its products or services at a given sector of the market with great accuracy and with a depth of capability and knowledge to support its position in the sector. In the retail sector with a very low profit margin the environment is hypercompetitive .TESCO being the largest player adopts the Cost Leadership strategy to challenge its competitors. TESCO has all the capabilities to adapt to this strategy. It develops its internal resources and its core competencies to support this strategy. In addition to these a number of generic strategies have emerged to define the modern organisation .The following is a list of the strategies. Reducing cost base Improving quality Getting closer to the customer Shorter cycle times Strategic partnerships Ability to change fast Of the above mentioned generic strategies, TESCO adopts the following: Reducing cost base To cut down the expenses and to increase productivity and efficiency, TESCO adopts this strategy to face the challenges of price war with its competitors, high property costs a and to provide value based products to the customers. Improving quality TESCO always concentrates on improving quality to rule the existing markets. It adopts new techniques and softwares both in the logistics and in-store operations to consistently serve the customers. Getting closer to the customer Customers are whimsical, customers are fickle, customers are not loyal. The ability to anticipate this fickleness is a strategic strength.TESCO understands this well and introduced club card schemes which helps TESCO to have millions of loyal customers. THE ANSOFF MATRIX This is a classic model in strategy building .Its main purpose is to analyse the organisations approaches to its products and to its market to ensure that an appropriate marketing strategy is being pursued .The following is the An off matrix for TESCO Current products New products Current markets Market penetration Improving services Improving quality Product development Expand own brands like The Finest and TESCO Value. Expansion into non-food sector Adding new products to the existing product line New markets Market development International expansion and globalisation Home shopping Developing small express stores Diversification New services Using the Ansoff matrix in conjunction with the BCG matrix, TESCO conducts a useful review of its strategy to achieve its vision. EVALUATION The BCG matrix The Boston Consulting Group matrix is a valuable tool .Its purpose is to analyse the organisations product portfolio. The definitions used in the BCG matrix are very precisely expressed in terms of the generation and use of cash. This makes this matrix a sharp-edged tool. the following are the definitions used in BCG matrix Stars These are the products that are performing well .They are generating positive cash and they usually require continuous update to maintain their market share. Problems These are the products which are not performing and not generating sufficient cash to maintain them in their markets. Cash cows These are the products which are performing well in markets which are growing slowly or are static. They are probably generating more money that can be profitably invested in them. Dogs They have low market share in markets which are growing slowly or are static. They may be consuming more resources to maintain their availability. They need quick decisions. The following is the BCG matrix for Tesco Market share High low Star On-line shopping Organic foods Loyalty cards Non-grocery items New services Problems On-line shopping with demographic analysis Home delivery of

Latin Captions Project :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kyle Black Picture Captions Project Page 1: This picture shows daily life inside the home of Cornelius Rufus in Pompeii. It has people performing various activities and the pillars are painted red to hide fingerprints. Page3: All official business was conducted in the Roman Forum. After a roman patronus received his clients, he would go to the Forum for business. Page 5: This picture of the atrium at the House of the Faun at Pompeii had a funnel-shaped roof designed so that rainwater would drain into the impluvium. You can see the peristylum in the background, which had a garden and a fountain. Page 8: Servants and children gather around the well to exchange news and get fresh water. The pillars are also painted red in this picture. Page 11: The family unit was important in ancient Rome. If a family didn’t have a son, they would adopt a son to carry on the family name. Many famous Romans, such as Augustus Caesar were adopted. Page 16: Children were taught to read at an early age. Roman books were papyrus rolled into scrolls. Page 18: The Vestal Virgins had enormous prestige. They were chosen by patricians and introduced at the ages of six and ten. They served for 30 years. In the picture, they Virgins tended their sacred fire, which cannot go out. Page 20: Livia Prusilla was the second wife of Augustus and the mother of Tiberius, Augustus’ successor. During her husband’s reign, she became her counselor and gracefully ran his domestic life. Page 21: Women were responsible for the early education of their children and also got together to plan parties and celebrations. This picture is of the women’s domestic activities. Page 23: Augustus was the first emperor of the Julio-Claudian line. He well understood the importance of propaganda. So, he encouraged the leading writers and poets to glorify Rome’s and Augustus’ achievements in their works. Page 24: Virgil was one of Rome’s finest poets. He wrote the Ecogues, the Georgies, and the famous Aeneid. Page 27: This is a picture of Tablets containing the Laws of the Twelve Tables. They were put together in the 5th century B.C. The laws include many rules and procedures on various topics. Page 30: The Roman Forum was the area where business and political speeches were made. Because of this, they put the Twelve Tables here for everyone to see as a reference. With this, plebeians were guaranteed fairness. Page 33: The Roman Senate was very powerful.

Psychology Notes Essay

1) Four big ideas in psychology: a. Critical thinking is smart thinking b. Behavior is a bio psychosocial event c. We operate with a two-track mind (Dual processing) d. Psychology explores human strengths as well as challenges 2) Why do psychology? e. The limits of intuition and common sense i. Enough to bring forth answers regarding human nature. ii. May aid queries, but are not free of error. iii. Hindsight Bias: the â€Å"I-knew-it-all-along† phenomenon. 1. After learning the outcome of an event, many people believe they could have predicted that very outcome. iv. Overconfidence: thinking you know more than what you actually know. f. The scientific attitude v. Composed of curiosity, skepticism, and humility. vi. Curiosity: passion for exploration. vii. Skepticism: doubting and questioning. viii. Humility: ability to accept responsibility when wrong. g. The science of psychology helps make these examined conclusions, which leads to our understanding of how people feel, think, and act as they do. 3) How do psychologists ask and answer questions? h. The scientific method ix. Construct theories that organize, summarize and simplify observations. x. Theory: an explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts behavior or events. (Example: low self-esteem contributes to depression). xi. Hypothesis: a testable prediction, often promoted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject or revise the theory. (Example: people with low self-esteem are apt to feel more depressed). xii. Research: to administer tests of self-esteem and depression. (Example: people who score low on a self-esteem test and high on a depression test would confirm the hypothesis). i. Description xiii. Basic purpose: to observe and record behavior. xiv. How conducted: do case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations. xv. Weaknesses: No control of variables; single cases may be misleading. xvi. Case Study: a technique in which one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles. xvii. Survey: a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a representative, random sample of people. xviii. Wording can change the results of a survey xix. Random Sampling: when each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusions into a sample (unbiased). 2. If the survey sample is biased, its results are not valid. xx. Naturalistic Observation: observing and recording the behavior of animals in the wild and recording self-seating patterns in a multiracial school lunchroom constitute naturalistic observation. j. Correlation xxi. Basic purpose: to detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another. xxii. How conducted: compute statistical association, sometimes among survey responses. xxiii. Weaknesses: does not specify cause and effect. xxiv. When one trait or behavior accompanies another. xxv. Correlation Coefficient: a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables. 3. Example: R = + 0.37 a. R is the correlation coefficient b. + is the direction of relationship (either + or – ) c. 0.37 indicates the strength of relationship xxvi. Correlation DOES NOT mean causation. 4. Examples: d. Low self-esteem could cause depression e. Depression could cause low self-esteem f. Distressing events or biological predisposition could cause low self-esteem and depression. xxvii. Illusory Correlation: the perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists. (Example: parents conceive children after adoption). xxviii. Order in Random Events: 5. Given random data, we look for order and meaningful patterns. 6. Given large numbers of random outcomes, a few are likely to express order. k. Experimentation xxix. Basic purpose: to explore cause and effect. xxx. How conducted: manipulate one or more factors; use random assignment. xxxi. What is manipulated: the independent variable(s). xxxii. Weaknesses: sometimes not feasible; results may not generalize to other contexts; not ethical to manipulate certain variables. xxxiii. The backbone of psychological research 7. Effects generated by manipulated factors isolate cause and effect relationships. xxxiv. Double-blind Procedure: in evaluating drug therapies, patients and experimenter’s assistants should remain unaware of which patients had the real treatment and which patients had the placebo treatment. xxxv. Random Assignment: assigning participants to experimental and control conditions, by random assignment, minimizes pre-existing differences between the two groups. xxxvi. Independent Variable: a factor manipulated by the experimenter. 8. The effect of the independent variable is the focus of the study 9. Example: when examining the effects of breast-feeding upon intelligence, breast-feeding is the independent variable. xxxvii. Dependent Variable: a factor that may change in response to an independent variable. 10. Usually a behavior or a mental process. 11. Example: in the study of the effect of breast-feeding upon intelligence, intelligence is the dependent variable. 4) Aristotle l. 384-322 B.C. m. Naturalist and philosopher n. Theorized about psychology’s concepts o. Suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience. p. â€Å"The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds good of particular parts of the soul.† -Aristotle 5) Wundt q. 1832-1920 r. Studied the â€Å"atoms of the mind† s. Experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879, which is considered the birth of psychology. 6) William James t. 1842-1910 u. American philosopher v. Wrote psychology textbook in 1890 w. James’s student, Mary Calkins, became the APA’s first female president xxxviii. She was not able to attain her PhD from Harvard. 7) Sigmund Freud x. 1856-1939 y. Austrian physician z. Emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. 8) Psychology {. Originated in many disciplines and countries |. Defined as the science of mental life until the 1920s. }. 1920-1960: psychology was heavily oriented towards behaviorism. ~. Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 9) Pavlov, Watson and Skinner . Watson: 1878-1958 . Skinner: 1904-1990 . Emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology instead of mind or mental thoughts. . â€Å"Anything seems commonplace, once explained.† -Watson 10) Maslow and Rogers . Maslow: 1908-1970 . Rogers: 1902-1987 . Emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. 11) The American Psychological Association (APA) . The largest organization of psychology . 160,000 members world-wide . Followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members. 12) Current perspectives . Neuroscience: how the body and brain enables emotions xxxix. How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? . Evolutionary: how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation on one’s genes. xl. How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? . Behavior genetics: how much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences xli. To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? . Psychodynamic: how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. xlii. How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? . Behavioral: how we learn observable responses. xliii. How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking? . Cognitive: how we encode, process, store and retrieve information xliv. How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? . Social-cultural: how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. xlv. How are we- as Africans, Asians, Australians or north Americans- alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? 13) Psychology’s subfields . Biological: explore the links between brain and mind. . Developmental: study-changing abilities from womb to tomb. . Cognitive: study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. . Personality: investigate our persistent traits. . Social: explore how we view and affect one another . Clinical: studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. . Counseling: helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. . Educational: studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings. . Industrial/Organizational: studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. 14) Clinical vs. Psychiatry . Clinical Psychologist: (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. . Psychiatrists: (M.D.) medical professionals who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. 15) Three main levels of analysis